Steps for correcting chromatic aberrations in lens design

by | optical design

In many applications of lens design, avoiding chromatic aberrations is a key performance requirement. In this video, we review some of the causes of chromatic aberrations and methods to correct them.

Dispersion of optical glasses

Dispersion of optical glasses

 

•All optical media have dispersion, meaning the index of refraction depends on the spectrum wavelength

•The plots are not linear – they are often steeper in the blue region and smoother in the red

•Approximation formulas for dispersion of glass include: Schott, Conrady, Herzberger, and Sellmeier.

Dispersion
Dispersion
Focal shift
Focal shift

A single optical element has different chromatic focus position for different wavelengths

Focusing error is Δs^′=-〖f^′〗_d/V_d

Where V_d=(n_d-1)/(n_F-n_C )  is Abbe number
n_d – index of refraction of the d-line of spectrum
n_F – index of refraction of the F-line of spectrum
n_C – index of refraction of the C-line of spectrum

Lenses with bigger Abbe number have smaller achromatic focus error

Chromatic difference depends only on the optical power and Abbe number but not on radii or shape of lens

To correct chromatic aberrations, glasses with different V are needed. Usually it is “Crown glass” with higher V and “Flint glass” with lower V

To build an achromatic doublet where 2 wavelengths foci coincide, the next condition should be satisfied

Δs^′=-〖f^′〗_1/V_1 -〖f^′〗_2/V_2 =0

〖f′〗_1⁄〖f′〗_2 =-V_1⁄V_2

Dispersion
Achromatic doublet
Focal shift

Therefore:

– Since V is positive for all optical glasses, lenses have to be positive and negative.

– If a doublet needs to have a positive, then the optical power of the positive element has to be bigger than that of the whole doublet

– To decrease the optical power of the positive element, Abbe number should be as big as possible

– An achromatic doublet can eliminate the difference of a couple of selected wavelengths but there is focus difference for other wavelengths. This difference is called “secondary spectrum”

– The more difference in the Abbe number of crown glass and flint glass, the more the secondary spectrum

Secondary spectrum is

〖∆S′〗_(F-d)=f′(P_1-P_2)/(V_1-V_2 )

Where P=(n_F-n_d)/(n_F-n_C )

Dispersion
Apochromatic lens-3 color
Focal shift

Apochromatic correction means that the lens provides correction of chromatic aberrations for 3 selected wavelengths for the elimination of secondary spectrum.

Usually 3 lenses with 2-3 different glasses are used to achieve this.

The condition is P_1=P_2

For satisfying this condition, unusual glasses with particular relations of V and P are required. Those are glasses with special dispersion behavior.

There are Crown glasses with  long dispersion in the blue region and Flint glass with short dispersion in that region.

Schott in Germany invented such glasses.

They are named “Kurtz Flint Sonder” – KzFS type and “Lang Schwer Kron” – LgSK type glasses

The aim should be  as small as possible a “Tertiary spectrum”.

Dispersion
Super apochromatic lens
Focal shift

Super Apochromatic correction means that the lens provides correction of chromatic aberrations for 4 selected wavelengths.

Usually 3-4 lens elements with 3 different glasses are used to achieve this.

Besides Long Crown glass and Short Flint glass, additional glass is used to get better design result, for example Dense Flint – SF type

The Chromatic difference of spherical aberrations or spherochromatism  can appear in achromatic corrected lens with large aperture.

Dispersion
Hybrid diffracitve lens
Focal shift

As for a glass achromatic doublet with 2 wavelengths focus shift correction, these conditions should be satisfied

Δs^′=-〖f^′〗_1d/V_1d -〖f^′〗_2d/V_2d =0

〖f′〗_1⁄〖f′〗_2 =-V_1⁄V_2

Abbe number for diffraction element is described as

V_d=λ_d/(λ_f-λ_c )=-3.452

Thus:

1) A diffractive optical element has bigger dispersion than optical glass.

2) The Abbe number of the diffractive element is negative. The hybrid achromatic lens with positive optical power should be composed of a positive refractive element and a positive diffraction one. The “crown element” of a hybrid achromatic doublet will have smaller optical power to the whole achromatic lens.

The essential dispersion of the diffractive element “secondary spectrum” is bigger than the full refractive achromatic doublet. Also secondary spectrum of Hybrid achromatic doublet is negative

Usually spherical aberration is corrected for one wavelength of spectral waveband, for example for green in the visual band.

Some residual spherical aberration can be seen for other wavelengths inside of the working band despite color correction.

Spherochromatism should be corrected additionally using additional lens parameters. There can be residual color difference for other aberrations: coma, field curvature and distortion

Simultaneous correction of axial color

Simultaneous correction of axial color

7-element design with 4 types of glass. Wide band 5 color superachromat with correction of spherochromatism

Dispersion
Spherochromatism
Focal shift

4 glass design was used for achieving 5 color correction superachromat in 0.4 to 0.9 microns waveband.

Spherochromatism is corrected using additional parameters provided by 7 elements design

Dispersion
Lateral color
Focal shift

Lateral color is chromatic aberration of principal rays.

Lateral color is difference of intersection of principal rays for blue and red light.

Lateral color if not corrected appears in the field of view. If can be seen in a simple eyepiece when you look through the FOV from the center to the edge of field

Summary

It is not possible to reach ideal color correction because of very different dispersion behavior of real existing glasses. Only correction for several wavelengths within a wavelength region is possible.

The task is difficult for a system with high aperture because the correction of spherochromatism is going to be more difficult.

Lateral color is more difficult to eliminate and requires additional optical system parameters to correct.

The residual spectrum can be decreased below the diffraction limit as a result of diffraction in a given optical system.

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